Greater V˙O2peak is correlated with greater skeletal muscle deoxygenation amplitude and hemoglobin concentration within individual muscles during ramp-incremental cycle exercise.

It is axiomatic that greater aerobic fitness (V˙O2peak) derives from enhanced perfusive and diffusive O2 conductances across active muscles. However, it remains unknown how these conductances might be reflected by regional differences in fractional O2 extraction (i.e., deoxy [Hb+Mb] and tissue O2 saturation [StO2]) and diffusive O2 potential (i.e., total[Hb+Mb]) among muscles spatially heterogeneous in blood flow, fiber type, and recruitment (vastus lateralis, VL; rectus femoris, RF). Using quantitative time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy during ramp cycling in 24 young participants (V˙O2peak range: ~37.4-66.4 mL kg-1 min-1), we tested the hypotheses that (1) deoxy[Hb+Mb] and total[Hb+Mb] at V˙O2peak would be positively correlated with V˙O2peak in both VL and RF muscles; (2) the pattern of deoxygenation (the deoxy[Hb+Mb] slopes) during submaximal exercise would not differ among subjects differing in V˙O2peak Peak deoxy [Hb+Mb] and StO2 correlated with V˙O2peak for both VL (r = 0.44 and -0.51) and RF (r = 0.49 and -0.49), whereas for total[Hb+Mb] this was true only for RF (r = 0.45). Baseline deoxy[Hb+Mb] and StO2 correlated with V˙O2peak only for RF (r = -0.50 and 0.54). In addition, the deoxy[Hb+Mb] slopes were not affected by aerobic fitness. In conclusion, while the pattern of deoxygenation (the deoxy[Hb+Mb] slopes) did not differ between fitness groups the capacity to deoxygenate [Hb+Mb] (index of maximal fractional O2 extraction) correlated significantly with V˙O2peak in both RF and VL muscles. However, only in the RF did total[Hb+Mb] (index of diffusive O2 potential) relate to fitness

LIMITATIONS TO EXERCISE TOLERANCE IN TYPE 1 DIABETES: THE ROLE OF PULMONARY OXYGEN UPTAKE KINETICS AND PRIMING EXERCISE

We compared the time constant (τ_V ̇ O2) of the fundamental phase of pulmonary oxygen uptake (V ̇O2) kinetics between young adult males with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls. We also assessed the impact of priming exercise on τ_V ̇ O2, critical power, and muscle deoxygenation in a subset of participants with type 1 diabetes. 17 males with type 1 diabetes and 17 healthy male controls performed moderate-intensity exercise to determine τ_V ̇ O2. A subset of 7 participants with type 1 diabetes performed an additional eight visits, whereby critical power, τ_V ̇ O2 and muscle deoxyhaemoglobin + myoglobin ([HHb+Mb]; via near-infrared spectroscopy) kinetics (described by a time constant, τ[HHb+Mb]) were determined with (PRI) and without (CON) a prior 6-minute bout of heavy exercise. τ_V ̇ O2 was greater in participants with type 1 diabetes compared to controls (type 1 diabetes: 50±13 vs. control: 32±12 s; P<0.001). Critical power was greater in PRI compared to CON (PRI: 161±25 W vs. CON: 149±22 W; P<0.001), whereas τ_V ̇ O2 (PRI: 36±15 vs. CON: 50±21 s; P=0.006) and τ[HHb+Mb] (PRI: 10±5 vs. CON: 17±11 s; P=0.037) were reduced in PRI compared to CON. Type 1 diabetes patients showed slower pulmonary V ̇O2 kinetics when compared to controls; priming exercise speeded V ̇O2 and [HHb + Mb] kinetics, and increased critical power in a subgroup with type 1 diabetes. These data therefore represent the first characterisation of the power-duration relationship in type 1 diabetes, and the first experimental evidence that τ_V ̇ O2 is an independent determinant of critical power in this population

The effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on the spatial heterogeneity of quadriceps deoxygenation during heavy-intensity cycling

This study investigated the influence of dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) supplementation on pulmonary O2 uptake ( o2) and muscle deoxyhemoglobin/myoglobin (i.e. deoxy[Hb+Mb]) kinetics during submaximal cycling exercise. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, eight healthy and physically active male subjects completed multiple step cycle tests at a work rate equivalent to 50% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and peak o2 over separate 4-day supplementation periods with NO3--rich (BR; providing 8.4 mmol NO3-∙day-1) and NO3--depleted (placebo; PLA) beetroot juice. Pulmonary o2 was measured breath-by-breath and time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy was utilized to quantify absolute deoxy[Hb+Mb] and total[Hb+Mb] within the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the primary deoxy[Hb+Mb] mean response time or amplitude between the PLA and BR trials at each muscle site. BR significantly increased the mean (three-site) end-exercise deoxy[Hb+Mb] (PLA: 91 ± 9 vs. BR: 95 ± 12 µM, P < 0.05), with a tendency to increase the mean (three-site) area under the curve for total(Hb+Mb) responses (PLA: 3650 ± 1188 vs. BR: 4467 ± 1315 µM·s-1, P = 0.08). The o2 slow component reduction after BR supplementation (PLA: 0.27 ± 0.07 vs. BR: 0.23 ± 0.08 L·min-1, P = 0.07) correlated inversely with the mean increases in deoxy[Hb+Mb] and total[Hb+Mb] across the three muscle regions (r2 = 0.62 and 0.66, P < 0.05). Dietary NO3- supplementation increased O2 diffusive conductance across locomotor muscles in association with improved o2 dynamics during heavy-intensity cycling transitions

Effects of muscle cooling on kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake and muscle deoxygenation at the onset of exercise

This study investigated effects of skeletal muscle cooling on the metabolic response and kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake (urn:x-wiley:2051817X:media:phy213910:phy213910-math-0001O2) and skeletal muscle deoxygenation during submaximal exercise. In the cooling condition (C), after immersion of the lower body into 12°C water for 30 min, eight healthy males performed 30‐min cycling exercise at the lactate threshold while undergoing thigh cooling by a water‐circulating pad. In the normal condition (N) as control, they conducted the same exercise protocol without cooling. Blood lactate concentration was significantly higher in C than N at 10 min after onset of exercise (4.0 ± 1.7 and 2.4 ± 1.2 mmol/L in C and N, P < 0.05). The percent change in the tissue oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis, measured by a near‐infrared spectroscopy, was significantly lower in C at 2, 8, 10, and 20 min after the exercise onset compared with N (P < 0.05). The percent change in deoxy hemoglobin+myoglobin concentration (Deoxy[Hb+Mb]) showed a transient peak at the onset of exercise and significantly higher value in C at 10, 20, and 30 min after the exercise onset (P < 0.05). Compared to N, slower urn:x-wiley:2051817X:media:phy213910:phy213910-math-0002O2 kinetics (mean response time) was observed in C (45.6 ± 7.8 and 36.1 ± 7.7 sec in C and N, P < 0.05). The mean response time in C relative to N was significantly correlated with the transient peak of Deoxy[Hb+Mb] in C (r = 0.84, P < 0.05). These results suggest that lower oxygen delivery to the hypothermic skeletal muscle might induce greater glycolytic metabolism during exercise and slower urn:x-wiley:2051817X:media:phy213910:phy213910-math-0003O2 kinetics at the onset of exercise

技術の人間化に基づいたサスティナブルデザイン/医とデザインセミナーをとおして

2014 年、政府は関西圏を国家戦略特区に位置付け、先端医療と関連産業の集積化を図り、人や資金が集積する国際ビジネス拠点構想を打ち出した。神戸市は高度医療技術の研究開発拠点を整備し、医療関連産業の集積を目指す「神戸医療産業都市構想」を表明。先端医療技術の研究開発拠点を整備、産学官の連携により、医療関連産業 の集積を図る神戸医療産業都市クラスターを推進している。世界に先駆けて高齢社会へ突入した我が国において、医療環境分野へのデザイン的側面からの支援を、早急に検討する必要に迫られている。芸術工学研究所では、一年半にわたる「医とデザイン」研究会を続けていく中で、プロダクトデザイン的側面から医療器具開発への支援だけでなく、映像・アニメーション・CG を含めた画像処理技術からの医療環境への提言や支援、より快適で緊張感を解く医療空間の設計や音響デザイン提案、快適でストレスの少ない医療用ユニフォームや、患者用コスチュームの提案など、本学として直接的に医療現場への研究や支援、提言がおこなえる環境を有している。2013 年9 月に大学としてMIKCS（注1）への加盟を果たし、教育機関として神戸大学医学部と共に医療環境へのデザイン教育と研究を推し進めていく環境整備を検討中である。併せて、芸術工学研究所として、各種医療関連メーカーに対するデザイン的側面からの支援を積極的におこない、「医とデザイン」における研究・実績を積み重ねることによって、医療デザイン教育・研究への足がかりとしたい。In 2014, Japanese government assigned Kansai area as National Strategic Special Zones and announced an idea to be an international center of business for gathering cutting-edge medicine and related-industries. Kobe city office also promoted an idea of “medicine-related industry city” for preparing research and development center of the cutting-edge medicine. They would like to welcome medicine-related industries to Kobe city by establishing the international center and collaborating industries ‐ universities‐government. Now, we are urged to support medicine related area facing to aging society of Japan. Research Institute of Design at Kobe Design University has been conducted series of seminar “Medicine and Design” for one and half year and offered environments not only for designing medical equipment, but also other aspects such as an imaging, animation, and computer graphics technique for comfortable medical environment, medical uniform, and wear design for patients. For developing design education and research in the medical field we joined MIKCS （Medical Innovation Kobe Community System） in September of 2013 to collaborate with faculty of medicine in Kobe University. In addition, we hope to develop education and research of medical design through a support of medical equipment related company from the aspect of design and accumulating achievements in the field of “medicine and design

筋肉の負担・疲労の新しい評価方法に基づいた機械・道具のデザイン

機械・道具の使いやすさを評価する場合、筋肉負担・疲労の軽減効果について検証を実施する必要がある。そこで、人間工学的な評価方法として、活動する筋肉の酸素動態を計測する装置を開発し、使いやすい機械・道具を研究した。近年、重量物の運搬、あるいは、高齢者や身体障がい者の介護作業現場で、筋肉の負担・疲労が軽減する機械・道具などの開発・デザインが始まっている。しかし、アシストスーツによる筋肉の負担・疲労の軽減効果について十分な検証がなされていない。そこで、本研究では、活動する筋肉における酸素動態を計測する近赤外分光装置(NIRS)を用いて、アシストスーツによる筋肉負担・疲労の軽減効果を検証した。従来のNIRSによる計測は筋肉の表層部に限られてきたので、今回は深層筋の酸素動態も計測した。結果として、アシストスーツ着用の有無にかかわらず、全身にかかる負担を示す酸素摂取量と心拍数は差がなかった。一方、アシストスーツを装着した場合、脊柱起立筋の負担が減少することが確認された。さらに、肩・上肢の負担と疲労を減らす提案として、ゴムバンドを肩と上肢に付けて、重量物持ち上げ時の筋力を補助することが挙げられた。今回の基礎的な資料がユニバーサルデザイン・福祉用具・スポーツウエア・作業服などのデザインにおいても、活用されることが望まれる。Objective evaluation of machine- and tools design is crucial to reduce muscular loads and fatigue. In the present study, as an ergonomic testing method, measurement system for oxygen dynamics of active muscle tissues was developed to design comfortable products for human use. Development and universal design activities for machine- and tools have been promoted to minimize the muscular loads and fatigue during care operation work for aged- and handicapped people. However, there exists a lack of objective evaluation on assisted gear for care operation work. Using near infra-red spectroscopy measurement for oxygen dynamics of active muscle tissues, the physiological strain of assisted gear were evaluated. In particular, both the superficial- and deep region muscles oxygen dynamics were measured continuously. As a result, there are no significant difference of whole-body oxygen uptake and heart rate between the conditions of wearing the gear and the control. However, the assisted gear reduced deoxygenation of muscle of erector spinae of the back. To minimize the muscular stressand increase the power of the upper extremities, attachment of rubber band on them are recommended

アスリートのための高機能な競技用ウエアの調査・研究と日常の衣服への応用の可能性に関する基礎研究

今日のアスリートのための競技用ウエアの発展は機能素材の開発だけではなく、テーピングを応用したカッティングが生み出されるなど目を見張るものがある。そのウエアは、競技におけるアスリートの究極の「力の美しさ」を強調することだけでなく、着用したアスリートの身体機能を高める効果があることは周知の事実である。競技用ウエアの持つ究極の機能性をスポーツという枠に留めるのではなく、日常生活の中で、障害者、高齢者も含めた人々の身体機能を高める衣服として活用しなければならないと考える。 本研究は身体機能の弱っている人々に対し、身体の動きを補助し、怪我を予防し、生活の質的向上を図るユニバーサルデザインとして活用できると考え、高機能な競技ウエアの調査を行う。本研究の目的は、張力の異なる素材を用いたテーピングを取り込んだカッティングによる着圧機能を加えた機能服の試作、検証を行い、その上で、日常の衣服に応用するための基礎研究とすることである。In this article, we’d like to conduct basic research for functional appliance that sportswear has in more practical use as universal design. This is to assist those who suffer declines of various physical functions in order to better move their body, prevent injuries, and thus, improve the quality of their lives in general. Recent evolution in sportswear such as the emergence of compression garments, which employs the idea of therapeutic taping, as well as the rapid improvement in the materials, is remarkable. It is a well-known fact that sportswear does not only emphasise the beauty of wearers’ muscles and movements, but it also has a considerable effect on the athlete’s physical performance. Rather than to limit sportswear’s excellent functionality within the realm of sports, we would like to examine the possibility of utilizing the technology to realize clothing that empowers those in society such as senior citizens and disabled individuals to improve their physical functions in their everyday lives. We are going to investigate the possibility of application to everyday clothing by first examining high-performance sportswear, then engineering garments using materials of different tension to increase the taping effect, and finally prototyping and verifying the functional clothing with compression functionality

体型特性が認められる女性高齢者に配慮した衣服設計システム構築のための基盤研究

　本研究は、加齢や疾病により体型特性がみられる円背高齢女性に対し、機能と美観に配慮した衣服製作ガイドラインを提示する実践的研究である。円背高齢女性の衣服製作には、人体形状や傾きに視点を置いた衣服製作が求められていることから、その体型特性を把握することが必要である。そこで本報では、高齢女性42名に対し、「衣生活意識」「人体計測1－マルチン計測」「人体計測2－三次元計測」「歩行」「写真判定」を実施し、体型特性を把握する資料を収集した。特に、「人体計測1－マルチン計測」「人体計測2－三次元計測」「写真判定」の調査では、高齢女性42名の中から円背姿勢の判定基準を策定する手掛かりが得られた。今後は、「被験者選定」「衣生活意識」「人体計測1－マルチン計測」「人体計測2－三次元計測」「写真判定」「データ解析」「体型特性把握」の手順で研究を実施し、「円背高齢女性衣服製作法のガイドライン」の提示を行う。The present study is a practical study suggesting guidelines for the manufacture of clothing that considers function and form for elderly women with kyphotic spines due to old age or disease. Manufacturing clothing for kyphotic elderly women requires the establishment of a frame of reference for body shape and bending, and therefore requires understanding the features of these body shapes. Therefore, the present report carries out “clothing life awareness surveys,” “anthropometry 1: Martin anthropometry,” “anthropometry 2: 3D anthropometry,” “gait examination,” and “photograph analysis” on 42 elderly women and gathers materials for understanding the features of body shapes. Specifically, “anthropometry 1: Martin anthropometry,” “anthropometry 2: 3D anthropometry,” and “photograph analysis” studies were key to the formulation of kyphotic posture criteria on 42 elderly women. In the future, we aim to present “guidelines on clothing manufacture methods for kyphotic elderly women” and to carry out research with the process of “test subject selection,” “clothing lifestyle investigation,” “anthropometry 1: Martin anthropometry,” “anthropometry 2: 3D anthropometry,” “photograph analysis,” “data analysis,” and “understanding features of body shape and gait.

複合感覚の科学から捉えるデザインの快適性

デザインについては、意匠や使い易さだけではなく、科学的な視点からヒトにおける複合感覚と快適性の関係を考察する必要がある。快・不快の感覚は時間・場所・状況によって変動し、複合した環境刺激の影響を受けることが多い。また、心身の快適性を言語表現だけでは説明できない。感覚が複合する現実場面に立って、快適性科学の視点からデザインを検討することが重要である。今回は、温度と色彩の複合刺激がヒトの感覚に与える影響を主観的および客観的方法（生理指標）を用いて総合的に評価した。具体的には、異なる温度の環境下において色彩がヒトに与える影響を検討するために、「温冷感」・「快適感」と生理的な変化を計測した。その結果、常温環境における客観的指標と主観的指標の変化は一致しなかった。一方、高温環境下においては、色彩と温度による複合効果が見られた。とくに、高い温度刺激がもたらす心理的な負荷が青色刺激によって軽減され、さらに皮膚血管の収縮により熱の放散が抑制される可能性が示唆された。このように、種々の複合刺激がヒトの感覚に与える影響を検討する際には、主観的および客観的な方法を併用する必要がある。潜在的な欲求や意識されない気持ち良さ・イメージを捉えるには、複合刺激と感覚の関係を考察する必要がある。It is crucial for design activities to investigate relation between multiple sensation and comfort in human from scientific viewpoint, in addition to user-friendly concepts. Sensation of comfort/discomfort is influenced by time, place, and situation as well as complex stimuli of environment. Further, mental- and physical comforts cannot be explained only by verbal expressions.In the present study, using both subjective and objective methodologies we investigated effects of complex stimuli of ambient temperature and color on the human sensations. In particular, sensations of “cool-warm” and “comfort”, and physiological changes were measured in order to evaluate effects of color under different ambient temperatures.As results, in the normal temperature, the subjective measures were not consistent with the objective ones. In the hot temperature there were combined effects of ambient temperature and color on the measures. Especially, the temperature-induced mental loads were reduced by blue color, which suggests inhibition of heat dissipation due to skin vasoconstriction. Both subjective and objective methodologies are required for study of complex sensation

自然の仕組みを理解する科学教材・実験模型のデザイン

わかりやすく面白いサイエンスの授業が注目されている。自然の仕組みを説明するために科学教材・実験模型の製作では機能面が重視されるが、若い世代のデザイン志向にも配慮すれば効果的な授業展開が可能となろう。手を動かして体験し、創意工夫するデザイン教育法は、サイエンス教育においても有益な効果を挙げよう。今回は、本学の授業において原理が理解しにくく、イメージが掴めないテーマについて問題点を明らかにし、わかりやすく面白いサイエンスの授業へ展開するために必要な改善点を考察した。とくに、科学教材・実験模型を作りながら、原理を理解するプロセスを検討した。最初に、光の回折及び干渉（ヤングの干渉実験）についてレーザー光とスリットを用いた教材を製作した。本研究では、理解が困難と思われる量子力学の基本概念をより容易に理解させることを目的とした。併せて我々の住んでいる日常世界が、実は多くの人が想像している以上に不思議な自然法則によって支配されていることを認識させた。また、実験を行う前と後で理解度がどのように向上したかをリサーチし、効果を確認した。さらに、力学の基礎を理解させるうえで、「力と加速度」を理解するための教材を作成した。In the field of science education, interesting andattractive contents are required to explain mechanismsof the nature. Not only functional aspects of teachingmaterials (kyozai), also exterior design of kyozai wouldattract students in science class. We examined contentsof science education in Kobe Design University andclarify what complicated principles and themes were forstudents to understand. In particular, using kyozai andexperimental models we considered learning process ofstudents for scientific principles. At first, in Young’sexperiment (deflection and interference of light) wedesigned kyozai with use of laser light and slits. Weattempted to improve both materials and skills ofteaching regarding basic concept of quantum dynamics.Further, we asked students in class of physics in KDU torecognize mysterious principles of the nature in our dailylife. In addition, questionnaire survey was conducted tograsp how the students improved their understanding.Also, to teach basics of dynamics, we designed kyozai of“strength and acceleration”